标签传播算法(Label Propagation)及 Python 实现,propagationpython,监督学习可以认为是我们有


众所周知,机器学习可以大体分为三大类:监督学习、非监督学习和半监督学习。监督学习可以认为是我们有非常多的labeled标注数据来train一个模型,期待这个模型能学习到数据的分布,以期对未来没有见到的样本做预测。那这个性能的源头–训练数据,就显得非常感觉。你必须有足够的训练数据,以覆盖真正现实数据中的样本分布才可以,这样学习到的模型才有意义。那非监督学习就是没有任何的labeled数据,就是平时所说的聚类了,利用他们本身的数据分布,给他们划分类别。而半监督学习,顾名思义就是处于两者之间的,只有少量的labeled数据,我们试图从这少量的labeled数据和大量的unlabeled数据中学习到有用的信息。

一、半监督学习

半监督学习(Semi-supervised learning)发挥作用的场合是:你的数据有一些有label,一些没有。而且一般是绝大部分都没有,只有少许几个有label。半监督学习算法会充分的利用unlabeled数据来捕捉我们整个数据的潜在分布。它基于三大假设:

  1. Smoothness平滑假设:相似的数据具有相同的label。
  2. Cluster聚类假设:处于同一个聚类下的数据具有相同label。
  3. Manifold流形假设:处于同一流形结构下的数据具有相同label。

例如下图,只有两个labeled数据,如果直接用他们来训练一个分类器,例如LR或者SVM,那么学出来的分类面就是左图那样的。如果现实中,这个数据是右图那边分布的话,猪都看得出来,左图训练的这个分类器烂的一塌糊涂、惨不忍睹。因为我们的labeled训练数据太少了,都没办法覆盖我们未来可能遇到的情况。但是,如果右图那样,把大量的unlabeled数据(黑色的)都考虑进来,有个全局观念,牛逼的算法会发现,哎哟,原来是两个圈圈(分别处于两个圆形的流形之上)!那算法就很聪明,把大圈的数据都归类为红色类别,把内圈的数据都归类为蓝色类别。因为,实践中,labeled数据是昂贵,很难获得的,但unlabeled数据就不是了,写个脚本在网上爬就可以了,因此如果能充分利用大量的unlabeled数据来辅助提升我们的模型学习,这个价值就非常大。

cpp_py_medium

半监督学习算法有很多,下面我们介绍最简单的标签传播算法(label propagation),最喜欢简单了,哈哈。

二、标签传播算法

标签传播算法(label propagation)的核心思想非常简单:相似的数据应该具有相同的label。LP算法包括两大步骤:1)构造相似矩阵;2)勇敢的传播吧。

2.1、相似矩阵构建

LP算法是基于Graph的,因此我们需要先构建一个图。我们为所有的数据构建一个图,图的节点就是一个数据点,包含labeled和unlabeled的数据。节点i和节点j的边表示他们的相似度。这个图的构建方法有很多,这里我们假设这个图是全连接的,节点i和节点j的边权重为:

cpp_py_medium

这里,α是超参。

还有个非常常用的图构建方法是knn图,也就是只保留每个节点的k近邻权重,其他的为0,也就是不存在边,因此是稀疏的相似矩阵。

2.2、LP算法

标签传播算法非常简单:通过节点之间的边传播label。边的权重越大,表示两个节点越相似,那么label越容易传播过去。我们定义一个NxN的概率转移矩阵P:

cpp_py_medium

Pij表示从节点i转移到节点j的概率。假设有C个类和L个labeled样本,我们定义一个LxC的label矩阵YL,第i行表示第i个样本的标签指示向量,即如果第i个样本的类别是j,那么该行的第j个元素为1,其他为0。同样,我们也给U个unlabeled样本一个UxC的label矩阵YU。把他们合并,我们得到一个NxC的soft label矩阵F=[YL;YU]。soft label的意思是,我们保留样本i属于每个类别的概率,而不是互斥性的,这个样本以概率1只属于一个类。当然了,最后确定这个样本i的类别的时候,是取max也就是概率最大的那个类作为它的类别的。那F里面有个YU,它一开始是不知道的,那最开始的值是多少?无所谓,随便设置一个值就可以了。

千呼万唤始出来,简单的LP算法如下:

  1. 执行传播:F=PF
  2. 重置F中labeled样本的标签:FL=YL
  3. 重复步骤1)和2)直到F收敛。

步骤1)就是将矩阵P和矩阵F相乘,这一步,每个节点都将自己的label以P确定的概率传播给其他节点。如果两个节点越相似(在欧式空间中距离越近),那么对方的label就越容易被自己的label赋予,就是更容易拉帮结派。步骤2)非常关键,因为labeled数据的label是事先确定的,它不能被带跑,所以每次传播完,它都得回归它本来的label。随着labeled数据不断的将自己的label传播出去,最后的类边界会穿越高密度区域,而停留在低密度的间隔中。相当于每个不同类别的labeled样本划分了势力范围。

2.3、变身的LP算法

我们知道,我们每次迭代都是计算一个soft label矩阵F=[YL;YU],但是YL是已知的,计算它没有什么用,在步骤2)的时候,还得把它弄回来。我们关心的只是YU,那我们能不能只计算YU呢?Yes。我们将矩阵P做以下划分:

cpp_py_medium

这时候,我们的算法就一个运算:

cpp_py_medium

迭代上面这个步骤直到收敛就ok了,是不是很cool。可以看到FU不但取决于labeled数据的标签及其转移概率,还取决了unlabeled数据的当前label和转移概率。因此LP算法能额外运用unlabeled数据的分布特点。

这个算法的收敛性也非常容易证明,具体见参考文献[1]。实际上,它是可以收敛到一个凸解的:

cpp_py_medium

所以我们也可以直接这样求解,以获得最终的YU。但是在实际的应用过程中,由于矩阵求逆需要O(n3)的复杂度,所以如果unlabeled数据非常多,那么I – PUU矩阵的求逆将会非常耗时,因此这时候一般选择迭代算法来实现。

三、LP算法的Python实现

Python环境的搭建就不啰嗦了,可以参考前面的博客。需要额外依赖的库是经典的numpy和matplotlib。代码中包含了两种图的构建方法:RBF和KNN指定。同时,自己生成了两个toy数据库:两条长形形状和两个圈圈的数据。第四部分我们用大点的数据库来做实验,先简单的可视化验证代码的正确性,再前线。

算法代码:

#***************************************************************************  
#*   
#* Description: label propagation  
#* Author: Zou Xiaoyi ([email protected])  
#* Date:   2015-10-15  
#* HomePage: http://blog.csdn.net/zouxy09  
#*   
#**************************************************************************  
  
import time  
import numpy as np  
  
# return k neighbors index  
def navie_knn(dataSet, query, k):  
    numSamples = dataSet.shape[0]  
  
    ## step 1: calculate Euclidean distance  
    diff = np.tile(query, (numSamples, 1)) - dataSet  
    squaredDiff = diff ** 2  
    squaredDist = np.sum(squaredDiff, axis = 1) # sum is performed by row  
  
    ## step 2: sort the distance  
    sortedDistIndices = np.argsort(squaredDist)  
    if k > len(sortedDistIndices):  
        k = len(sortedDistIndices)  
  
    return sortedDistIndices[0:k]  
  
  
# build a big graph (normalized weight matrix)  
def buildGraph(MatX, kernel_type, rbf_sigma = None, knn_num_neighbors = None):  
    num_samples = MatX.shape[0]  
    affinity_matrix = np.zeros((num_samples, num_samples), np.float32)  
    if kernel_type == 'rbf':  
        if rbf_sigma == None:  
            raise ValueError('You should input a sigma of rbf kernel!')  
        for i in xrange(num_samples):  
            row_sum = 0.0  
            for j in xrange(num_samples):  
                diff = MatX[i, :] - MatX[j, :]  
                affinity_matrix[i][j] = np.exp(sum(diff**2) / (-2.0 * rbf_sigma**2))  
                row_sum += affinity_matrix[i][j]  
            affinity_matrix[i][:] /= row_sum  
    elif kernel_type == 'knn':  
        if knn_num_neighbors == None:  
            raise ValueError('You should input a k of knn kernel!')  
        for i in xrange(num_samples):  
            k_neighbors = navie_knn(MatX, MatX[i, :], knn_num_neighbors)  
            affinity_matrix[i][k_neighbors] = 1.0 / knn_num_neighbors  
    else:  
        raise NameError('Not support kernel type! You can use knn or rbf!')  
      
    return affinity_matrix  
  
  
# label propagation  
def labelPropagation(Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel, labels, kernel_type = 'rbf', rbf_sigma = 1.5, \  
                    knn_num_neighbors = 10, max_iter = 500, tol = 1e-3):  
    # initialize  
    num_label_samples = Mat_Label.shape[0]  
    num_unlabel_samples = Mat_Unlabel.shape[0]  
    num_samples = num_label_samples + num_unlabel_samples  
    labels_list = np.unique(labels)  
    num_classes = len(labels_list)  
      
    MatX = np.vstack((Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel))  
    clamp_data_label = np.zeros((num_label_samples, num_classes), np.float32)  
    for i in xrange(num_label_samples):  
        clamp_data_label[i][labels[i]] = 1.0  
      
    label_function = np.zeros((num_samples, num_classes), np.float32)  
    label_function[0 : num_label_samples] = clamp_data_label  
    label_function[num_label_samples : num_samples] = -1  
      
    # graph construction  
    affinity_matrix = buildGraph(MatX, kernel_type, rbf_sigma, knn_num_neighbors)  
      
    # start to propagation  
    iter = 0; pre_label_function = np.zeros((num_samples, num_classes), np.float32)  
    changed = np.abs(pre_label_function - label_function).sum()  
    while iter < max_iter and changed > tol:  
        if iter % 1 == 0:  
            print "---> Iteration %d/%d, changed: %f" % (iter, max_iter, changed)  
        pre_label_function = label_function  
        iter += 1  
          
        # propagation  
        label_function = np.dot(affinity_matrix, label_function)  
          
        # clamp  
        label_function[0 : num_label_samples] = clamp_data_label  
          
        # check converge  
        changed = np.abs(pre_label_function - label_function).sum()  
      
    # get terminate label of unlabeled data  
    unlabel_data_labels = np.zeros(num_unlabel_samples)  
    for i in xrange(num_unlabel_samples):  
        unlabel_data_labels[i] = np.argmax(label_function[i+num_label_samples])  
      
    return unlabel_data_labels

测试代码:

#***************************************************************************  
#*   
#* Description: label propagation  
#* Author: Zou Xiaoyi ([email protected])  
#* Date:   2015-10-15  
#* HomePage: http://blog.csdn.net/zouxy09  
#*   
#**************************************************************************  
  
import time  
import math  
import numpy as np  
from label_propagation import labelPropagation  
  
# show  
def show(Mat_Label, labels, Mat_Unlabel, unlabel_data_labels):   
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt   
      
    for i in range(Mat_Label.shape[0]):  
        if int(labels[i]) == 0:    
            plt.plot(Mat_Label[i, 0], Mat_Label[i, 1], 'Dr')    
        elif int(labels[i]) == 1:    
            plt.plot(Mat_Label[i, 0], Mat_Label[i, 1], 'Db')  
        else:  
            plt.plot(Mat_Label[i, 0], Mat_Label[i, 1], 'Dy')  
      
    for i in range(Mat_Unlabel.shape[0]):  
        if int(unlabel_data_labels[i]) == 0:    
            plt.plot(Mat_Unlabel[i, 0], Mat_Unlabel[i, 1], 'or')    
        elif int(unlabel_data_labels[i]) == 1:    
            plt.plot(Mat_Unlabel[i, 0], Mat_Unlabel[i, 1], 'ob')  
        else:  
            plt.plot(Mat_Unlabel[i, 0], Mat_Unlabel[i, 1], 'oy')  
      
    plt.xlabel('X1'); plt.ylabel('X2')   
    plt.xlim(0.0, 12.)  
    plt.ylim(0.0, 12.)  
    plt.show()    
  
  
def loadCircleData(num_data):  
    center = np.array([5.0, 5.0])  
    radiu_inner = 2  
    radiu_outer = 4  
    num_inner = num_data / 3  
    num_outer = num_data - num_inner  
      
    data = []  
    theta = 0.0  
    for i in range(num_inner):  
        pho = (theta % 360) * math.pi / 180  
        tmp = np.zeros(2, np.float32)  
        tmp[0] = radiu_inner * math.cos(pho) + np.random.rand(1) + center[0]  
        tmp[1] = radiu_inner * math.sin(pho) + np.random.rand(1) + center[1]  
        data.append(tmp)  
        theta += 2  
      
    theta = 0.0  
    for i in range(num_outer):  
        pho = (theta % 360) * math.pi / 180  
        tmp = np.zeros(2, np.float32)  
        tmp[0] = radiu_outer * math.cos(pho) + np.random.rand(1) + center[0]  
        tmp[1] = radiu_outer * math.sin(pho) + np.random.rand(1) + center[1]  
        data.append(tmp)  
        theta += 1  
      
    Mat_Label = np.zeros((2, 2), np.float32)  
    Mat_Label[0] = center + np.array([-radiu_inner + 0.5, 0])  
    Mat_Label[1] = center + np.array([-radiu_outer + 0.5, 0])  
    labels = [0, 1]  
    Mat_Unlabel = np.vstack(data)  
    return Mat_Label, labels, Mat_Unlabel  
  
  
def loadBandData(num_unlabel_samples):  
    #Mat_Label = np.array([[5.0, 2.], [5.0, 8.0]])  
    #labels = [0, 1]  
    #Mat_Unlabel = np.array([[5.1, 2.], [5.0, 8.1]])  
      
    Mat_Label = np.array([[5.0, 2.], [5.0, 8.0]])  
    labels = [0, 1]  
    num_dim = Mat_Label.shape[1]  
    Mat_Unlabel = np.zeros((num_unlabel_samples, num_dim), np.float32)  
    Mat_Unlabel[:num_unlabel_samples/2, :] = (np.random.rand(num_unlabel_samples/2, num_dim) - 0.5) * np.array([3, 1]) + Mat_Label[0]  
    Mat_Unlabel[num_unlabel_samples/2 : num_unlabel_samples, :] = (np.random.rand(num_unlabel_samples/2, num_dim) - 0.5) * np.array([3, 1]) + Mat_Label[1]  
    return Mat_Label, labels, Mat_Unlabel  
  
  
# main function  
if __name__ == "__main__":  
    num_unlabel_samples = 800  
    #Mat_Label, labels, Mat_Unlabel = loadBandData(num_unlabel_samples)  
    Mat_Label, labels, Mat_Unlabel = loadCircleData(num_unlabel_samples)  
      
    ## Notice: when use 'rbf' as our kernel, the choice of hyper parameter 'sigma' is very import! It should be  
    ## chose according to your dataset, specific the distance of two data points. I think it should ensure that  
    ## each point has about 10 knn or w_i,j is large enough. It also influence the speed of converge. So, may be  
    ## 'knn' kernel is better!  
    #unlabel_data_labels = labelPropagation(Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel, labels, kernel_type = 'rbf', rbf_sigma = 0.2)  
    unlabel_data_labels = labelPropagation(Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel, labels, kernel_type = 'knn', knn_num_neighbors = 10, max_iter = 400)  
    show(Mat_Label, labels, Mat_Unlabel, unlabel_data_labels)  

该注释的,代码都注释的,有看不明白的,欢迎交流。不同迭代次数时候的结果如下:

cpp_py_medium

是不是很漂亮的传播过程?!在数值上也是可以看到随着迭代的进行逐渐收敛的,迭代的数值变化过程如下:

---> Iteration 0/400, changed: 1602.000000  
---> Iteration 1/400, changed: 6.300182  
---> Iteration 2/400, changed: 5.129996  
---> Iteration 3/400, changed: 4.301994  
---> Iteration 4/400, changed: 3.819295  
---> Iteration 5/400, changed: 3.501743  
---> Iteration 6/400, changed: 3.277122  
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---> Iteration 123/400, changed: 0.766232  
---> Iteration 124/400, changed: 0.764356  
---> Iteration 125/400, changed: 0.762504  
---> Iteration 126/400, changed: 0.760685  
---> Iteration 127/400, changed: 0.758889  
---> Iteration 128/400, changed: 0.757135  
---> Iteration 129/400, changed: 0.755406

四、LP算法MPI并行实现

这里,我们测试的是LP的变身版本。从公式,我们可以看到,第二项PULYL迭代过程并没有发生变化,所以这部分实际上从迭代开始就可以计算好,从而避免重复计算。不过,不管怎样,LP算法都要计算一个UxU的矩阵PUU和一个UxC矩阵FU的乘积。当我们的unlabeled数据非常多,而且类别也很多的时候,计算是很慢的,同时占用的内存量也非常大。另外,构造Graph需要计算两两的相似度,也是O(n2)的复杂度,当我们数据的特征维度很大的时候,这个计算量也是非常客观的。所以我们就得考虑并行处理了。而且最好是能放到集群上并行。那如何并行呢?

对算法的并行化,一般分为两种:数据并行和模型并行。

数据并行很好理解,就是将数据划分,每个节点只处理一部分数据,例如我们构造图的时候,计算每个数据的k近邻。例如我们有1000个样本和20个CPU节点,那么就平均分发,让每个CPU节点计算50个样本的k近邻,然后最后再合并大家的结果。可见这个加速比也是非常可观的。

模型并行一般发生在模型很大,无法放到单机的内存里面的时候。例如庞大的深度神经网络训练的时候,就需要把这个网络切开,然后分别求解梯度,最后有个leader的节点来收集大家的梯度,再反馈给大家去更新。当然了,其中存在更细致和高效的工程处理方法。在我们的LP算法中,也是可以做模型并行的。假如我们的类别数C很大,把类别数切开,让不同的CPU节点处理,实际上就相当于模型并行了。

那为啥不切大矩阵PUU,而是切小点的矩阵FU,因为大矩阵PUU没法独立分块,并行的一个原则是处理必须是独立的。 矩阵FU依赖的是所有的U,而把PUU切开分发到其他节点的时候,每次FU的更新都需要和其他的节点通信,这个通信的代价是很大的(实际上,很多并行系统没法达到线性的加速度的瓶颈是通信!线性加速比是,我增加了n台机器,速度就提升了n倍)。但是对类别C也就是矩阵FU切分,就不会有这个问题,因为他们的计算是独立的。只是决定样本的最终类别的时候,将所有的FU收集回来求max就可以了。

所以,在下面的代码中,是同时包含了数据并行和模型并行的雏形的。另外,还值得一提的是,我们是迭代算法,那决定什么时候迭代算法停止?除了判断收敛外,我们还可以让每迭代几步,就用测试label测试一次结果,看模型的整体训练性能如何。特别是判断训练是否过拟合的时候非常有效。因此,代码中包含了这部分内容。

好了,代码终于来了。大家可以搞点大数据库来测试,如果有MPI集群条件的话就更好了。

下面的代码依赖numpy、scipy(用其稀疏矩阵加速计算)和mpi4py。其中mpi4py需要依赖openmpi和Cpython,可以参考我之前的博客进行安装。

#***************************************************************************  
#*   
#* Description: label propagation  
#* Author: Zou Xiaoyi ([email protected])  
#* Date:   2015-10-15  
#* HomePage: http://blog.csdn.net/zouxy09  
#*   
#**************************************************************************  
  
import os, sys, time  
import numpy as np  
from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix, lil_matrix, eye  
import operator  
import cPickle as pickle  
import mpi4py.MPI as MPI  
  
#  
#   Global variables for MPI  
#  
  
# instance for invoking MPI related functions  
comm = MPI.COMM_WORLD  
# the node rank in the whole community  
comm_rank = comm.Get_rank()  
# the size of the whole community, i.e., the total number of working nodes in the MPI cluster  
comm_size = comm.Get_size()  
  
# load mnist dataset  
def load_MNIST():  
    import gzip  
    f = gzip.open("mnist.pkl.gz", "rb")  
    train, val, test = pickle.load(f)  
    f.close()  
      
    Mat_Label = train[0]  
    labels = train[1]  
    Mat_Unlabel = test[0]  
    groundtruth = test[1]  
    labels_id = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]  
  
    return Mat_Label, labels, labels_id, Mat_Unlabel, groundtruth  
  
# return k neighbors index  
def navie_knn(dataSet, query, k):  
    numSamples = dataSet.shape[0]  
  
    ## step 1: calculate Euclidean distance  
    diff = np.tile(query, (numSamples, 1)) - dataSet  
    squaredDiff = diff ** 2  
    squaredDist = np.sum(squaredDiff, axis = 1) # sum is performed by row  
  
    ## step 2: sort the distance  
    sortedDistIndices = np.argsort(squaredDist)  
    if k > len(sortedDistIndices):  
        k = len(sortedDistIndices)  
    return sortedDistIndices[0:k]  
  
  
# build a big graph (normalized weight matrix)  
# sparse U x (U + L) matrix  
def buildSubGraph(Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel, knn_num_neighbors):  
    num_unlabel_samples = Mat_Unlabel.shape[0]  
    data = []; indices = []; indptr = [0]  
    Mat_all = np.vstack((Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel))  
    values = np.ones(knn_num_neighbors, np.float32) / knn_num_neighbors  
    for i in xrange(num_unlabel_samples):  
        k_neighbors = navie_knn(Mat_all, Mat_Unlabel[i, :], knn_num_neighbors)  
        indptr.append(np.int32(indptr[-1]) + knn_num_neighbors)  
        indices.extend(k_neighbors)  
        data.append(values)   
    return csr_matrix((np.hstack(data), indices, indptr))  
  
  
# build a big graph (normalized weight matrix)  
# sparse U x (U + L) matrix  
def buildSubGraph_MPI(Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel, knn_num_neighbors):  
    num_unlabel_samples = Mat_Unlabel.shape[0]  
    local_data = []; local_indices = []; local_indptr = [0]  
    Mat_all = np.vstack((Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel))  
    values = np.ones(knn_num_neighbors, np.float32) / knn_num_neighbors  
    sample_offset = np.linspace(0, num_unlabel_samples, comm_size + 1).astype('int')  
    for i in range(sample_offset[comm_rank], sample_offset[comm_rank+1]):  
        k_neighbors = navie_knn(Mat_all, Mat_Unlabel[i, :], knn_num_neighbors)  
        local_indptr.append(np.int32(local_indptr[-1]) + knn_num_neighbors)  
        local_indices.extend(k_neighbors)  
        local_data.append(values)  
    data = np.hstack(comm.allgather(local_data))  
    indices = np.hstack(comm.allgather(local_indices))  
    indptr_tmp = comm.allgather(local_indptr)  
    indptr = []  
    for i in range(len(indptr_tmp)):  
        if i == 0:  
            indptr.extend(indptr_tmp[i])  
        else:  
            last_indptr = indptr[-1]  
            del(indptr[-1])  
            indptr.extend(indptr_tmp[i] + last_indptr)  
    return csr_matrix((np.hstack(data), indices, indptr), dtype = np.float32)  
  
  
# label propagation  
def run_label_propagation_sparse(knn_num_neighbors = 20, max_iter = 100, tol = 1e-4, test_per_iter = 1):  
    # load data and graph  
    print "Processor %d/%d loading graph file..." % (comm_rank, comm_size)  
    #Mat_Label, labels, Mat_Unlabel, groundtruth = loadFourBandData()  
    Mat_Label, labels, labels_id, Mat_Unlabel, unlabel_data_id = load_MNIST()  
    if comm_size > len(labels_id):  
        raise ValueError("Sorry, the processors must be less than the number of classes")  
    #affinity_matrix = buildSubGraph(Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel, knn_num_neighbors)  
    affinity_matrix = buildSubGraph_MPI(Mat_Label, Mat_Unlabel, knn_num_neighbors)  
      
    # get some parameters  
    num_classes = len(labels_id)  
    num_label_samples = len(labels)  
    num_unlabel_samples = Mat_Unlabel.shape[0]  
  
    affinity_matrix_UL = affinity_matrix[:, 0:num_label_samples]  
    affinity_matrix_UU = affinity_matrix[:, num_label_samples:num_label_samples+num_unlabel_samples]  
  
    if comm_rank == 0:  
        print "Have %d labeled images, %d unlabeled images and %d classes" % (num_label_samples, num_unlabel_samples, num_classes)  
      
    # divide label_function_U and label_function_L to all processors  
    class_offset = np.linspace(0, num_classes, comm_size + 1).astype('int')  
      
    # initialize local label_function_U  
    local_start_class = class_offset[comm_rank]  
    local_num_classes = class_offset[comm_rank+1] - local_start_class  
    local_label_function_U = eye(num_unlabel_samples, local_num_classes, 0, np.float32, format='csr')  
      
    # initialize local label_function_L  
    local_label_function_L = lil_matrix((num_label_samples, local_num_classes), dtype = np.float32)  
    for i in xrange(num_label_samples):  
        class_off = int(labels[i]) - local_start_class  
        if class_off >= 0 and class_off < local_num_classes:  
            local_label_function_L[i, class_off] = 1.0  
    local_label_function_L = local_label_function_L.tocsr()  
    local_label_info = affinity_matrix_UL.dot(local_label_function_L)  
    print "Processor %d/%d has to process %d classes..." % (comm_rank, comm_size, local_label_function_L.shape[1])  
      
    # start to propagation  
    iter = 1; changed = 100.0;  
    evaluation(num_unlabel_samples, local_start_class, local_label_function_U, unlabel_data_id, labels_id)  
    while True:  
        pre_label_function = local_label_function_U.copy()  
          
        # propagation  
        local_label_function_U = affinity_matrix_UU.dot(local_label_function_U) + local_label_info  
          
        # check converge  
        local_changed = abs(pre_label_function - local_label_function_U).sum()  
        changed = comm.reduce(local_changed, root = 0, op = MPI.SUM)  
        status = 'RUN'  
        test = False  
        if comm_rank == 0:  
            if iter % 1 == 0:  
                norm_changed = changed / (num_unlabel_samples * num_classes)  
                print "---> Iteration %d/%d, changed: %f" % (iter, max_iter, norm_changed)  
            if iter >= max_iter or changed < tol:  
                status = 'STOP'  
                print "************** Iteration over! ****************"  
            if iter % test_per_iter == 0:  
                test = True  
            iter += 1  
        test = comm.bcast(test if comm_rank == 0 else None, root = 0)  
        status = comm.bcast(status if comm_rank == 0 else None, root = 0)  
        if status == 'STOP':  
            break  
        if test == True:  
            evaluation(num_unlabel_samples, local_start_class, local_label_function_U, unlabel_data_id, labels_id)  
    evaluation(num_unlabel_samples, local_start_class, local_label_function_U, unlabel_data_id, labels_id)  
  
  
def evaluation(num_unlabel_samples, local_start_class, local_label_function_U, unlabel_data_id, labels_id):  
    # get local label with max score  
    if comm_rank == 0:  
        print "Start to combine local result..."  
    local_max_score = np.zeros((num_unlabel_samples, 1), np.float32)   
    local_max_label = np.zeros((num_unlabel_samples, 1), np.int32)  
    for i in xrange(num_unlabel_samples):  
        local_max_label[i, 0] = np.argmax(local_label_function_U.getrow(i).todense())  
        local_max_score[i, 0] = local_label_function_U[i, local_max_label[i, 0]]  
        local_max_label[i, 0] += local_start_class  
          
    # gather the results from all the processors  
    if comm_rank == 0:  
        print "Start to gather results from all processors"  
    all_max_label = np.hstack(comm.allgather(local_max_label))  
    all_max_score = np.hstack(comm.allgather(local_max_score))  
      
    # get terminate label of unlabeled data  
    if comm_rank == 0:  
        print "Start to analysis the results..."  
        right_predict_count = 0  
        for i in xrange(num_unlabel_samples):  
            if i % 1000 == 0:  
                print "***", all_max_score[i]  
            max_idx = np.argmax(all_max_score[i])  
            max_label = all_max_label[i, max_idx]  
            if int(unlabel_data_id[i]) == int(labels_id[max_label]):  
                right_predict_count += 1  
        accuracy = float(right_predict_count) * 100.0 / num_unlabel_samples  
        print "Have %d samples, accuracy: %.3f%%!" % (num_unlabel_samples, accuracy)  
  
  
if __name__ == '__main__':  
    run_label_propagation_sparse(knn_num_neighbors = 20, max_iter = 30)

五、参考资料

[1]Semi-SupervisedLearning with Graphs.pdf

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